License: All of Our World in Data is completely open access and all work is licensed under the Creative Commons BY license. Number 1: Canada. Help us do this work by making a donation. This is a ‘meta-entry’ on education. For example, Belgium and Canada have roughly similar average outcomes; but Canada has a higher share of students that achieve minimum proficiency, while Belgium has a larger share of students who achieve advanced proficiency. This chart is an ‘added-variable plot’ of a regression of the average annual rate of growth (in percent) of real GDP per capita in 1960–2000 on the initial level of real GDP per capita in 1960, average test scores on international student achievement tests, and average years of schooling in 1960. The chart plots trends in public expenditure on education as a share of GDP. For earlier periods, historians have to reconstruct data from other sources. Among OECD countries, Luxembourg allocates the highest amount of its national budget to students at all levels of educational attainment. All of our charts can be embedded in any site. 2 (51.4%) and the most educated country in the world is Canada (56.7.%) – although Canada faces an overeducation, underemployment problem. The preceding visualization shows that, despite the fact that literacy is today higher than ever, there are still important challenges in many developing countries. In this entry we begin by providing an overview of long run changes in education outcomes and outputs across the world, focusing both on quantity and quality measures of education attainment; and then provide an analysis of available evidence on the determinants and consequences of education. BACHELOR'S AND BEYONDIn America, Nigerians' education pursuit is above restWhether driven by immigration or family, data show more earn degrees The link between expenditure and outcomes, Average OECD non-tertiary education expenditure by source of funding, Average learning outcomes vs GDP per capita, Child mortality vs. mean years of schooling, Children in school: administrative vs household survey data, Correlation between education in the past and democracy today, Correlation between mean years of schooling and GDP per capita, Cumulative drop-out rate to the last grade of lower secondary general education, Existence of nationally representative learning assessment at the end of primary education, Gender ratios for mean years of schooling, Gross enrollment ratio in primary education, Gross enrollment ratio in secondary education, Learning outcomes, minimum vs advanced achievement, National average learning outcomes, 1985 vs 2015, Number of people aged 15+ with no education (in millions) by continent, Official entrance age to compulsory education, Out-of-school children of primary school age by world region, Out-of-school girls of primary school age by world region, Political regime vs. Secondary and tertiary education have also seen drastic growth, with global average years of schooling being much higher now than a hundred years ago. Does money buy strong performance in PISA? According to a 2017 UNESCO report, "the number of students in higher education institutions more than doubled" in recent years, increasing from 100 million in 2000 to 207 million in 2014. Oxford: Elsevier. w22501). As pointed out, those figures were difficult to interpret causally, because they failed to account for important underlying differences in things like hours worked, experience profiles, etc. All of us are meant to be great. As usual, correlation does not imply causation – but it does show an important pattern that supports the idea that education is indeed necessary to produce social capital. Here we focus on enrollment and attendance rates specifically at the primary level. Other studies using different data have found similar results (see, for instance, Blundell et al. w19007. Research has shown that people with a higher level of education are less likely to be unemployed, more likely to earn a higher salary, and more likely to be productive. MA (Punjabi) 3. An important body of literature stipulates that women’s education leads to lower child mortality because it contributes towards healthier habits and choices, including child spacing (see Brown and Barrett 1991 for a more detailed conceptualization of the mechanisms).24. Young people in Ireland have among the highest levels of education in the world, according to a major new international study.. 245-252. Strictly speaking, the y-axis measures the density of the distribution of years – in other words, it shows the relative likelihood that the variable ‘years of schooling’ takes on a given value. More precisely, this chart plots the percentage-point difference in the likelihood of reporting to trust others, by education level of respondents. scholarships) are likely to improve learning outcomes. That's 10% higher than the U.S. and 16% above the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average. This indicates that in these countries the literacy rate for the overall population will continue to increase. (2016). Available online here. The visualization shows the evolution of female-to-male ratios of educational attainment (mean years of schooling) across different world regions. It shows that policies matter and learning outcomes can, and often do improve. The increasingly long tails that we see in the distributions, are the result of cross-country inequalities in education expansion – in the long run, we can see that there has been a considerable increase in the dispersion of the years of schooling. She’s also one of the most well-educated. The interactive visualization shows trends in years of schooling for a selection of 111 countries during the period 1870-2017. Additionally, these highly educated individuals are able to earn salaries that are 161% more than those with secondary education or less. This is a great accomplishment! UNESCO operationalizes the measurement of literacy as the ability to both read and write a short, simple statement about one’s own life. To identify the most educated countries in the world, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the 10 countries with the highest proportions of residents aged 25 to 64 with a tertiary education in 2012. High enrollment numbers are indeed impressive; however, despite being termed as the most educated group of people in the United States, Black women still make far less money than their white counterparts. The source reports that “among the 59 countries with comparable data, in 24 countries participation rates drop by five percentage points for the primary school-age group when household surveys are used instead of administrative data.”4. As we can see, the average number of years spent in school has gone up around the world. More people are going to school and university than ever before. Those with a degree typically earn 66% more than those without. All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. South Korea. The countries in this chart are ordered in ascending order of relative earnings. Those individuals with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education are taken as the reference group, so the percentage point difference is expressed in relation to this group. The chart uses OECD results from the Survey of Adult Skills to show how self-reported trust in others correlates with educational attainment. Handbook of the Economics of Education, Volume 5. The same data is also then published by the World Bank (World Bank EdStats and World Development Indicators) and Gapminder. P. Glewwe, K. Muralidharan (2016). Education for Growth: Why and for Whom?. The authors relied on information about the years of establishment of the oldest schools at different education levels in individual countries, in order to adjust their estimates; and they also used data on repetition ratios to adjust for school repeaters. Calculations from Hanushek, E. A. and Woessmann, L. (2008).” The data used for this figure comes from the March Current Population Surveys in the US. The environment that children are exposed to early in life, plays a crucial role in shaping their abilities, behavior and talents. According to the OECD over 56 percent of adults in the Great White North have earned some kind of education after high school. Literacy is a key skill and a key measure of a population’s education. (2010). This is exactly what Nadir Altinok, Noam Angrist and Harry Patrinos did in a new working paper: Global Data Set on Education Quality (1965–2015). In: Penelope Peterson, Eva Baker, Barry McGaw, (Editors), International Encyclopedia of Education. Here we go further and explore changes across the entire global distribution of years of schooling. The first conclusion from this charts is that for both genders, at any given age, individuals with more education perceive higher wages. Today, education has become the basic human right as it can enable an individual to read and write that prepares people to make an educated and strong nation on the planet. This reflects the fact that many children who are officially enrolled, do not regularly attend school. In Burkina Faso, Niger and South Sudan – the African countries at the bottom of the rank – literacy rates are still below 30%. In each case, we provide a discussion of the robustness of the evidence. Some economists expect this low wage and the country’s location to attract foreign direct investment from the European Union. At a cross-sectional level, expenditure on education correlates positively with both quantity and quality measures; and not surprisingly, the quality and quantity measures also correlate positively with each-other. Online at the authors site here. In: Penelope Peterson, Eva Baker, Barry McGaw, (Editors), International Encyclopedia of Education. Hanushek E A and Woessmann L (2010), Education and Economic Growth. volunteering, political participation, interpersonal trust) and economic growth. Average, or mean years of schooling of a population, are typically calculated from data on (i) the distribution of the population by age group and highest level of education attained in a given year; and (ii) the official duration of each level of education. Card, D. (1999). Here we show some key charts using their data. You can read more about this source of data and the underlying methodology in our entry on Education Projections. Here we analyse available evidence of the private (i.e. Not all states have the same level of education. Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433). We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. This chart plots GDP per capita (after adjusting for differences in prices across countries and time), against average student test scores (after homogenizing and pooling international and regional student assessments across education levels and subjects). The ‘production function’ provides a conceptual framework to think about the determinants of learning outcomes18: where A is skills learned (achievement), s is years of schooling, Q is a vector of school and teacher characteristics (quality), C is a vector of child characteristics (including “innate ability”), H is a vector of household characteristics, and I is a vector of school inputs under the control of households, such as children’s daily attendance, effort in school and in doing homework, and purchases of school supplies. In fact, Latin America and Eastern Europe caught up with the group of ‘advanced economies’ in the 1980s, and the gender gaps in these regions have already been closed almost completely (i.e. National Bureau of Economic Research. In the previous interactive visualisation we showed how the average number of years spent in school has been going up constantly across the world. As usual, these results should be interpreted carefully, because they do not imply a causal link: it does not prove that increasing education necessarily produces democratic outcomes everywhere in the world.However, the academic research here does suggest that there is a causal link between education and democratization – indeed, a number of empirical academic papers have found that this positive relationship remains after controlling for many other country characteristics (see, for example, Lutz, Crespo-Cuaresma, and Abbasi‐Shavazi 201023). Journal of Development Economics. The graph, from Lee and Lee (2016)7, plots the distribution of the number of years of schooling across the entire adult population, for selected years. The visualization shows estimates of primary education enrollment rates for a selection of 111 countries during the period 1870-2010. You can compare achievement above minimum, intermediate, and advanced benchmarks, country by country and over time, in these three line charts: The most common way to gauge differences in the way countries ‘produce’ education, is to analyze data on expenditure. The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. South Korea came in at No. For instance, the OECD Education at a Glance report (1998), which presents estimates for the years 1990 and 1995, suggests discrepancies with the values reported by Tanzi & Schuktnecht (2000) for 1993. The visualizations and research discussed here are also discussed in other, more specific data entries. Blundell, Richard, et al. This scatter plot compares national average learning outcomes in 1985 and 2015 (or closest years with available data). And these results hold after controlling for literacy, gender, age and monthly earnings. Delgado, M. S., Henderson, D. J., & Parmeter, C. F. (2014). Having an educated workforce is beneficial to the development and economic growth of a country. To identify the most educated countries in the world, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the 10 countries with the highest proportions of residents aged 25 to 64 with a tertiary education in 2012. The most recent one is Lee and Lee (2016).34 These estimates rely on a variety of historical sources, and expand existing estimates from previous studies by using a significant number of new census observations. Here we show evidence of this process of education expansion using cross-country estimates of average years of schooling. It’s time for more scholastic facts as we bring you our list of The 14 Most Educated Countries in the World.One of the more important factors for the improvement of a country is education. This is a list of countries by 25- to 64-year-olds having completed tertiary education as … 4, with 47.7% having completed a higher-education program, but it tops the list of most educated people aged 25-34 (66.6%). Paris, France. What we learn from this result is that “test scores that are larger by 1 standard deviation (measured at the student level across all OECD countries in PISA) are associated with an average annual growth rate in GDP per capita that is two percentage points higher over the whole 40-year period.”28, This coincides with other studies showing that historical increases in the number of universities across countries are positively associated with subsequent growth of GDP per capita (Valero and Van Reenen 2016).29, A number of studies have found that it is actually education in the form of cognitive skills, rather than mere school attainment, what really matters for predicting individual earnings and economic growth. With over 100,000 employees, there might be 400 kids starting in one class—people from all over the world. These figures, from The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), suggest that we should see rates of education increasing as the world develops – and by 2050, only five countries are likely to have a rate of no education above 20%: these are Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Guinea, Mali and Niger. There are several international standardised tests that try to measure learning outcomes in a systematic way across countries; but these tests are relatively new, and they tend to cover only specific geographical areas and skills. Lee, J. W., & Lee, H. (2016). You can read more about their approach and results in our blog post “Global education quality in 4 charts”. While once, education was the privilege of the wealthy - historically, the wealthy men to be more accurate - countries across the globe have improved access to basic education over the years. The breakdown by age gives us a view into the future: as the inequality is lower among today’s younger generations, we can expect the decline of inequality to continue in the future. As we can see, there is a strong positive relationship. This measure is used as an input to calculating years of schooling, and allows clear comparisons across levels of education. Does education matter for economic growth?. Canada leads the way in terms of having a highly educated workforce. While Equal Pay Day is in April, it takes Black women four more months to catch up. court documents). Valero, A., & Van Reenen, J. The economic impact of universities: Evidence from across the globe (No. It can be seen that as inequality is falling over time, the level of inequality is higher for older generations than it is for younger generations. I did not know that Accenture did not have very many African-Americans. This country has the highest number of engineering graduates in Europe, the 4th highest number of certified IT professionals in the world, and the capacity to produce and engineer a full range of aerospace hardware. South Korea outclasses Japan based on some of the criteria for ranking the world’s best education systems. Back in 1870 women in the ‘advanced economies'10 had only 0.75 years for every year of education that men had. This reflects the fact that there has been a continuous increase in average years of schooling worldwide: as the share of the uneducated population fell over time, the concentration at the lower level became less pronounced. The OECD provides country-specific figures. This high level of educational attainment correlates to the country’s economy, which has a consistent annual growth rate of 2.3%. However, data on literacy rates by age groups shows that in most countries, and certainly in virtually all developing countries, there are large generational gaps: younger generations are progressively better educated than older generations. While in the last decade the share of public funding for these levels of education has decreased slightly, the broad pattern is remarkably stable. In contrast, by 2010 the distribution had shifted drastically to the right. Canada leads the way in terms of having a highly educated workforce. But Canada tops the list as the most educated country in the world. Where has all the education gone?. The rate of primary school enrollment is typically measured through administrative data, and is defined as the number of children enrolled in primary school who belong to the age group that officially corresponds to primary schooling, divided by the total population of the same age group. In this country, just over half (52%) of all adults have a tertiary level education, which means studies beyond high school level. Roughly speaking, this pattern tends to be progressive, since students from wealthier households are more likely to attend tertiary education, and those individuals who attend tertiary education are likely to perceive large private benefits.14 In contrast, the bottom chart shows a very different picture: in several low-income countries households contribute proportionally more to primary education than to higher levels. A classic example of a mechanism though which education may yield such positive economic externalities, is that aggregate education improves a country’s ability to innovate, as well as imitate and adapt new technologies, hence enabling ‘technological progress’ and sustained growth (see Lindahl and Krueger (2001) for an overview of further macroeconomic theories of education and growth).25, While early studies found that schooling levels were poor predictors of economic growth, more recent studies – that crucially made use of better data – confirm the expected positive link. The causal effect of education on earnings. The highest level of education that individuals complete is another common measure of educational attainment. The report concludes that adults with higher qualifications are more likely to report desirable social outcomes, including good or excellent health, participation in volunteer activities, interpersonal trust, and political efficacy. Regional averages are population-weighted. As you might imagine, Boston proper and Cambridge have the most highly-educated people in the city, given they're home to Harvard, MIT, and other elite schools. B. The visualization presents three scatter plots using 2010 data to show the cross-country correlation between (i) education expenditure (as a share of GDP), (ii) mean years of schooling, and (iii) mean PISA test scores. The OECD’s report Education at a Glance (2015) provides similar descriptive evidence for other social outcomes. Mean years of schooling, Population breakdown by highest level of education achieved for those aged 15+, Projected female population (15+) by highest educational attainment, Public education expenditure as share of GDP, Share of population, 15 years and older, with no education, Share of students achieving advanced learning outcomes, Share of students achieving intermediate learning outcomes, Share of students achieving minimum learning outcomes, Share of the population with a completed post-secondary education, Share of the population with at least some secondary education, Share of the population with no formal education, projections by IIASA, Share of the population with secondary education, but no tertiary education, Share of the world population older than 15 years with at least basic education, Total government expenditure on education, younger generations are progressively better educated than older generations, discussion of global expansion in education expenditure, Measuring Exclusion From Primary Education (2005), Global Data Set on Education Quality (1965–2015), The Investment Case for Education and Equity (UNICEF – 2015), Available evidence specifically on the importance of school inputs, pre-school investment in demand-side inputs leads to large positive impacts on education, Records of the General Conference, tenth session, Paris, 1958: Resolutions, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002252/225258e.pdf, http://www.foreurope.eu/fileadmin/documents/pdf/Workingpapers/WWWforEurope_WPS_no006_MS15.pdf. The last two decades have seen a small but general increase in the share of income that countries devote to education. And the rate of growth really climbed after the middle of the 20th century, when the expansion of basic education became a global priority. Economic growth in developing countries: The role of human capital. Here we see that those countries where a larger share of students attain minimum proficiency, tend to also be countries where a larger share of students attain advanced proficiency. Take, for instance, Black Women’s Equal Pay Day. Lutz, Creso Cuaresma, and Sanderson (2008)26 conclude that “better education does not only lead to higher individual income, but also is a necessary (although not always sufficient) precondition for long-term economic growth.”, The plot, from Hanushek and Woessmann (2010),27 provides a basic representation of the association between test scores and economic growth using data over the period 1960 to 2000. These estimates correspond to ‘back projections’: researchers used educational attainment estimates from the UN for the year 2000, and projected backwards from this single year. These institutions reconstructed educational attainment distributions by age and sex for 120 countries for the years 1970–2000. She’s also one of the most well-educated. Indeed, in most countries basic education is nowadays perceived not only as a right, but also as a duty – governments are typically expected to ensure access to basic education, while citizens are often required by law to attain education up to a certain basic level.1. We can see that there has been a continuous rightward shift in the successive distributions of schooling across time. The way education affects the economy of Ukraine is somewhat hindered by political problems within the country. Since then there has generally been a strong upward trend in the gender ratios across all world regions, which indicates that the inequality between men and women in access to education has been declining. The chart shows the number of the world’s young population who are out of school across primary- and secondary-school-age. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. Rich countries, on the other hand, tend to be less clustered. The education system is more public and was increased by 5% on an average in the year 2008-2010 amongst all the OECD countries. As we can see, countries where adults had a higher average education level in 1970, are also more likely to have democratic political regimes today (you can read more about measures of democracy in our entry on Democracy). (2013). You can read more about this in Delgado, Henderson and Parmeter (2014)30, Hanushek (2013)31 and Pritchett (2001).32. The most common way to measure the private returns to education, is to study how attainment improves individual labor market outcomes – usually by attempting to measure the effect of education on wages. Please consult our full legal disclaimer. You can add countries, or switch to the ‘map’ view, by selecting the corresponding options at the top of the chart. Demography, education, and democracy: Global trends and the case of Iran. The most common method is to calculate the share of those people who could sign official documents (e.g. This list is based on the number of adult residents ages 25 to 64 who have received a … The most educated people, even though they were small in numbers, we black females. As it can be seen, all countries outside Africa (with the exception of Afghanistan) have literacy rates above 50%. volume 2, pp. As usual, a selection of countries is shown by default, but other countries can be added by clicking on the relevant option at the top of the chart. Under this hypothesis, therefore, we should expect that education levels in a country correlate positively with measures of democratisation in subsequent years. Thus, further reductions in education inequality are still to be expected within developing countries; and if the expansion of global education can be continued, we can speed up this important process of global convergence. Despite all these worldwide improvements, some countries have been lagging behind, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, where there are still countries that have literacy rates below 50% among the youth. Since differences in national expenditure on education do not explain well cross-country differences in learning outcomes, the data suggests that generic policies that increase expenditure on standard inputs, such as the number of teachers, are unlikely to be effective to improve education outcomes. Available online here. This is explained by near-universal enrolment rates at these levels of education and the demographic structure of the population. Data on expenditure corresponds to 2010 total government education expenditure across all levels, as a share of GDP (source: World Bank Education Statistics). The visualization, plotting public expenditure on education as a share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for a number of early-industrialized countries, shows that this expansion took place mainly through public funding.12. These results hold after controlling for literacy, gender, age and monthly earnings in. Inequality has been going down since 1950 here are also discussed in this line chart months to catch up Conversation., gender, age and monthly earnings two decades have seen a most educated people in the world but general increase the. 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